The following questions are for PBI Semester VI only (Sociolinguistics)
Read Chapter 2: R.A.Hudson (Varieties of Language) then, answer the following questions:
1. How should global linguistic categories like language "X" be defined?
2. Can distinct types of global category (e.g. language versus dialect) be distinguished?
3. How are global categories related to one another?
4. What is linguistic item? Use certain theory to answer this question.
5. What makes one variety of language different from another?
6. One of the definition of speech community is a group of people who interact by means of
speech. Give examples of the definition.
7. Can you explain about the differences and similarities of language, dialect, and register? Give
example of the three terms.
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4. Linguistic items are: lexical items, rules of varoius kinds for co,bining the prononciations and mwanings of these lexical items in sentences, amd contraints of various kinds on these rules.
5. Regional dialect: A regional dialect is not a distinct language but a variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country. Some regional dialects have been given traditional names which mark them out as being significantly different from standard varieties spoken in the same place. Some examples are 'Hillbilly English' (from the Appalachians in the USA) and 'Geordie' (from Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK).
Minority dialect: Sometimes members of a particular minority ethnic group have their own variety which they use as a marker of identity, usually alongside a standard variety. This is called a minority dialect. Examples are African American Vernacular English in the USA, London Jamaican in Britain, and Aboriginal English in Australia.
7.The differences of language, dialect and register:
Language is A language is considered to be a system of communicating with other people using sounds, symbols and words in expressing a meaning, idea or thought. This language can be used in many forms, primarily through oral and written communications as well as using expressions through body language.
Dialect is A distinctive variety of a language, usually associated with social or geographical distinctions, which is characterized by differences in accent, vocabulary and grammar with regard to other varieties of the same language. For examples in Indonesia language every ethnic has a different dialect in produces their utterance, special for Batakness and MaduranessI they have different dialect to pronounce the language.
Register is A style of speech (involving distinctive vocabulary, syntax, speech rate, etc.) that is adopted by the speaker to be appropriate for a given situation or activity. Or a Register is a subset of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting
NATSIR BERKATA FROM THE SECOND GROUP:
1. NASIRUDDIN
2. MITMAINNAH
3. NUR IRYANTI
4. UFRAH
5. HARYANTI
6. SAIFUDDIN
7. SURATMISROHTIN
8. YULIANA
Sorry sir,
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Baesd on the discussional result of the second group, thus we are from the second group are going to answer three of theso questions above as follow:
4. What is linguistic item? Use certain theory to answer this question.
O> According to Chomsky (1965) in Hudson:s book Sociolinguistics (1980: 22-23) stated that, ligustic gas three items based on the theory of structure of language. Those items ar4e: (i) Lexical items that refers to the meaning of words based on the dictionary. All the words that exist in the dictionary are lexical. (ii) Rules of various kinds for combining the prononciations and meanings of these lexical items in sentences. It means that, There are rules about the prononciation and meaning of the word in a sentence. (iii) Contraints of various kinds on these rules. Contraints refer to the abstract pattern in a sentence, as like NOUN+ADJECTIVE.
5. What makes one variety of language different from another?
O> Variety of language is a set of linguistic items with similar social dostribution. Therefore, why there is something that differentiate variety of language from another, because the linguistic tems, where it includes dialect or styles of language. Dialects or styles of language are different from another community. Example, the dialect that Soppeng people use is different from the dialect that Bonese people even actually, they use Buginese language. But, sometime also, we find different dialect from the same village eventhough its community use the same language.
6. One of the definition of speech community is a group of people who interact by means of
speech. Give examples of the definition.
O> Lenard Blomfield (1933: 42)in Hudson"s Sociolinguistics book stated that "speech community is a group of people who interact by means of
speech". This definition is very definetly overlap. An example of the definition is a child may identify groups on the basis of sex, age, geography, and colors. Each grouping may contribute something to the particular combination of linguistic items which he or she selects as his or her own language. The child may use his pr her own language to identify the grouping of sex, age, geography, and colors.
Sent By
NASIRUDDIN PBI 3 (20401105045)
The Second Group
The Members of The Second Group are:
1. MUTMAINNAH PBI 3
2. NASIRUDDIN PBI 3
3. NUR IRYANTI PBI 3
4. UFRAH PBI 3
5. HARYANTI PBI 4
6. SAIFUDDIN PBI 4
7. SURATMISROHTIN PBI 4
8. YULIANA PBI 4
As what we have discussed about the questions of the lecture stated we postulated the question as follows:
1. what is linguistic item?
according to Noam comsky (1966) linguistic items are lexical items, rules of various kinds(for combining the pronounciation and meanings of these lexical items in sentences), and constraints of various kinds on these rules.
2. An example of definition of the speech community?
Speech community is a concept in sociolingistic that describes a more or less discrete group of people who use language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themselves.
the example of speech community: A gay Jewish waiter would likely speak and be spoken to differently when interacting with gay peers, Jewish peers, or his co-workers. If he found himself in a situation with a variety of in-group and/or out-group peers, he would likely modify his speech to appeal to speakers of all the speech communities represented at that moment."
by the third group
Rusdi. s
Rahman
Rusmiati
A. Suhaema Darpan
Sri ariani
Yusni
syamsiah HS.
As what we have discussed about the questions of the lecture stated we postulated the question as follows:
1. what is linguistic item?
according to Noam comsky (1966) linguistic items are lexical items, rules of various kinds(for combining the pronounciation and meanings of these lexical items in sentences), and constraints of various kinds on these rules.
2. An example of definition of the speech community?
Speech community is a concept in sociolingistic that describes a more or less discrete group of people who use language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themselves.
the example of speech community: A gay Jewish waiter would likely speak and be spoken to differently when interacting with gay peers, Jewish peers, or his co-workers. If he found himself in a situation with a variety of in-group and/or out-group peers, he would likely modify his speech to appeal to speakers of all the speech communities represented at that moment."
by the third group
Rusdi. s
Rahman
Rusmiati
A. Suhaema Darpan
Sri ariani
Yusni
syamsiah HS.
From all the questions, we will answer the question number 4, 5, 6, and 7 according to our group discussion result, as below:
4. What are linguistic items?
According to Chomsky (1965), Linguistic items are: (1) Lexical items, (2) Rules of various kinds for combining the pronunciations and meanings of there lexical items in sentences, and (3) Constraints of various kinds on these rules. Socio linguists are agree with these views by addition individual lexical items, rules and constraints which refer to these terms. But, not all linguists accept these views, like Bolinger (1975), said that construction is an abstract pattern such as ‘adjective + noun’ and in terms of tradition the answer would include constructions as well as rules and constrain. Socio linguists add the social distribution of a linguistic item.
5. What makes one variety of language different from another?
Variety of language is defined as a set if linguistic items with similar social distribution, so one variety of language different from another because of the linguistic items that it includes or because of the linguistic tradition. Similar social description and different kind of linguistic item are related to different aspect of society or individual’s private model of his society which effect to the variety of language differences.
6. Give example of the definition of speech community?
According to socio linguists that speech community generally, define as the community based on language or social group in communication. According to Leonard Bloomfield that ‘speech community is a group of people who interact by means of speech, for instance in Indonesia there are many social groups because of the speech community which sometimes we called it ‘ethnic’, like Buginese, Makassarese, Javanese, etc. They make social group in society because they have similarity in speech, dialect, or language so they can interact each other easily than when they interact with another social group.
7. What are the differences and similarities of language, dialect, and register as well as the examples of them?
Firstly, we have to know about the definition of them,
Language is a human product and agreement in social interaction to make understanding each other.
Dialect is different pronunciation of the same language according to social group.
Register is different variety of using word according to user.
According to those definitions we can conclude that the differences among them are:
Language is larger than dialect, according of its size or scope, as well as the dialect is quite general than the register.
Language is containing many items, components, rules and structure, and dialect is quite simple than language, thus register according to the personal improvisation of an expression.
Language use in the variety of social/society and in formal writing, and dialect impossible to use it in the formal writing, while register use just as classificatory schema of speaker’s communicative behavior.
Language it can be not affected of different area or culture, but dialect is affected by different area, behavior or culture, and register is affected by the different speaker’s speech behavior.
Next, about the similarities of those terms are:
As a tool for communication.
A speaker sticks to one variety throughout a stretch of speech, speaking by language one dialect and one register.
All the models presented lay great sense for multi – dimensional analysis for communication.
They overlap considerably, one man’s language – one man’s dialect is another man’s register.
As a sign/symbol of aspect in social group.
A variety specially created for the purpose of communicating with some other group, and not used by any community for communication among themselves.
The examples of them are:
In Bugis language if we want to say water we say “wae” but in Sinjai and Camba area the people there say “hae” as their dialect for “wae”. And the example for register like if we want to say “harry up” some of makassar people say “tippa – tippakko” and some of them say “tetterekko” and some of them say “karo – karoko”.
By: The 5th Group
Nur Aliyah Nur
Nurwanti
Rosnani
St. Nurbaya.
Hajarawati
Ulvia Mualliva Hamid.
Multazam.
Based on our discussion, we will try to answer three questions.
1. Language “X” should be defined as a linguistic items which contains the items of vocabulary.
4. The variety of language linguistic can be differentiate by linguistic item of each language.
5. Chomskyan linguistics, beginning with his Syntactic Structures, a distillation of his Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory (1955, 75), challenges structural linguistics and introduces transformational grammar. This theory takes utterances (sequences of words) to have a syntax which can be characterized by a formal grammar; in particular, a context-free grammar extended with transformational rules.
Based on the statement above, we can conclude that Linguistic item is composed of language, dialect, rules.
By:
1. Muthi’ah
2. Syamsul Arief. G
3. Qadriana
4. Suharni
5. Nurmila
6. Hasbi Arbi
7. Rasnianti
Question: 5. What makes one variety of language different from another????
Commented By:
The Fifth Group
1. Muh. Yahrif
2. Ermawati
3. Ernawati
4. Endang Hariaty
5. Mardianah
Erma said:
"The variety of language different from another because of culture where someone or group live. It influences language and language representative the culture. Actually variety of language includes language, dialect, and register or style. We may see in Bugises uses in Bone, Bulukumba, ZhinZhai, Soppeng, Sidrap, Pinrang, and Sengkang. Event though the people use same language in this case Bugis but Bone has different style. Also, in South Sulawesi has several dialect one of them is "Konjo".
Mardianah said:
"One variety of language different from another is the linguistic items that it includes. It will be seen very general notion variety includes examples of what would normally be called languages, dialects, and registers. Only with the general terms 'variety' for referring to things which the layman calls languages, dialects, styles. And suggest even greater defactures from the linguistic tradition.
A variety may be much larger than a lay language, including a number of different languages. For instance, one make define a variety consisting of those items used solely by some particular family or village. Thus a variety can be much smaller than a language or even than a dialect.
Muhammad Yahrif said:
"The one variety of language from another because it is influence by their customs. As we know that there are a lot of cultures on the world, each culture has a special language and they have different custom, so if they have different custom so they will have different language also. And it makes one variety of language among them.
Ernawati said:
"It is because the items form themselves into natural bundles, bound together by a right set of interlocking structural relations of some kind, as has always been suggested by the structuralist tradition of the century.
Endang Haryati said:
"because it is influenced by their mother tongue.
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